When Bebop Filled the Night
Historical Essay
by Art Peterson
Originally published in "The Semaphore" #194, Spring 2011
Frank Phipps plays bass trumpet at The Cellar, c. 1959
Photo: C.R. Snyder
In 1951, while I was a high-school student, my girlfriend and I would make trips from Berkeley to the corner of Turk and Hyde streets in the Tenderloin. Here, at the legendary jazz club, The Blackhawk, we would be ensconced behind a chicken-wire barrier that separated underage patrons from their hipster elders. It was from this “cage’’ that we would “dig” the energizing sounds of Dave Brubeck, Gerry Mulligan and other jazz greats.
The Blackhawk at Hyde and Turk, January 27, 1961, the day after the raid for violation of liquor law. Front entrance has sign posted “Young Adults Under 21 Please Use 216 Hyde Entrance.”
Photo: San Francisco Police Department Photograph Bureau Negatives / Bureau of Accident Investigation and Prevention, San Francisco Police Department Records. San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library
The infamous chicken wire barrier behind which underage patrons could enjoy the wild jazz, 1961.
Photo: San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library
Stephen Vincent reminiscing on Facebook on January 10, 2018:
I remember listening to Thelonious Monk at the Black Hawk in San Francisco in 1958. I was still a senior in High School. The Black Hawk had a little fenced off seating area where us "minors" could sit and listen. Monk had two whiskey glasses on the piano top. As he stood up at the break he held both glasses and shook them. The ice cubes made a ring against the side of each glass. He took what seemed a gulp out of one, then twirled twice in a little dance step then retreated through a side door. I never have forgotten the sound of those cubes: piano keys of another order.
Interior of the Blackhawk, January 1961.
Photo: San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library
Young adult entrance for the Blackhawk at 216 Hyde Street, the day after a raid for violation of liquor laws, 1961.
Photo: San Francisco Police Department Photograph Bureau Negatives / Bureau of Accident Investigation and Prevention, San Francisco Police Department Records. San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library
Entrée to the club by underage fans continued for a couple more years until Mayor George Christopher put the kibosh on such access, claiming in an unfortunately worded statement, “One of these nights, a young girl is going to be raped in the parking lot outside that club, and who are they going to blame for that act? — the Mayor of San Francisco.”
Ten years later, on returning to the Bay Area, I was able to drink with the big boys at The Blackhawk, but the jazz scene had shifted to North Beach, specifically to the Jazz Workshop, where the center of the action was at 473 Broadway. The Workshop was owned by lawyer Art Auerbach, who loved jazz but did not profess to be the sharpest of businessmen.
Up the block from the Workshop at 401 Broadway was Basin Street West, the site of the now defunct Crowbar, where according to one report, “Duke Ellington held court between sets in his underwear and a silk robe, blowing air kisses to the ladies gathered there as he worked on his score for the Concert of Sacred Music to be performed at Grace Cathedral.”
Down Kearny, on what is now “porno row,” was the Off Broadway, where a not particularly sympathetic listener claimed “your deaf Aunt Agatha could have tuned in on the music of Stan Kenton from three blocks away.”
Across the street from the Workshop was Sugar Hill where Carmen McRae was a regular. On one occasion she was joined by Dizzy Gillespie, who, between sets at the Workshop, braved the mid-block Broadway traffic to cross the street and join McRae on a couple of choruses of “I Left My Heart in San Francisco.’’ Also on the east side of the street was El Matador, the site of the now Horizon Lounge, which was owned by bon vivant and bullfighting enthusiast Barnaby Conrad. He hired John Horton Cooper as his house pianist, who, it was said, was able on a slow night to play piano and make chess moves at the same time.
Most of these places featured musicians in the modernist bebop mode, but in 1958 when Richard Hadlock (who hosts the amazing Annals of Jazz show on KCSM Sunday nights) came west to write jazz criticism for the Examiner, he was surprised at how eclectic the jazz scene was in the city compared with New York. Traditional jazz was still very much part of the scene. “Turk Murphy had opened Easy Street and the Tin Angel and the Kewpie Doll, in North Beach, also featured New Orleans-influenced music.”
The Tin Angel, March 25, 1955.
Photo: San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library
Inside the Tin Angel, late 1950s.
Photo: Jerry Stoll
Yet the Workshop remained central to the action. Between 1961 and 1964, a number of “Live at the Jazz Workshop” albums were produced; most of them are still available. These performances featured artists such as James Moody, Barry Harris, Cannonball Adderley, Charlie Mingus, and Thelonius Monk. (I was at one of these Monk performances and witnessed him walking up and down Broadway between sets talking to himself and violently waving his arms. As a young admirer of the great man’s music, who had never heard of bipolar disease — a term that had probably not yet been invented — I was quite disoriented myself.)
Perhaps the Workshop’s star attraction during these years was Cannonball Adderley whose spirited and relatively accessible music was a hit with the fans. In 1959, one reviewer wrote, “when the group finished ‘Hi-Fly’ — its closing number after a four-week engagement — the audience cheered, whistled and clapped for 15 minutes.”
On one evening during this run, Russian composer Dimitri Shostakovich was in the audience for his first experience with American jazz. He made no comment, smiled appreciatively several times and applauded vigorously on occasion. One commentator noted, however, that Shostakovich and his entourage were probably the only audience members during these four weeks who did not move a muscle in time with the band.
While the Workshop, “whose small space,” according to Hadlock, “was hardly able to contain the great music performed there,” drew large crowds that often spilled onto the street, running a jazz club, as Auerbach found out, was not an easy business. Not untypical was the case of Miles Davis, who in 1964 was supposed to play a two-week gig at the Workshop. Davis’ drummer was 18-year-old phenom Tony Williams. As California law did not allow minors in clubs that served liquor, Auerbach suspended his liquor license for the length of the engagement, charged a $2 door charge and served soft drinks. Davis then failed to appear on several nights, once claiming he had a tooth pulled. On some other nights he just didn’t show up. Auerbach had to refund the door charge to the disappointed audience members.
Davis was very much his own man. Hadlock tells of running into him at the Blackhawk and mentioning that tenor sax player Hank Mobley was playing at the Jazz Workshop. Davis, intrigued, told Hadlock, “Let’s go.” One problem, however, was that the Blackhawk owner, who had always tried to avoid charging a cover, had found it necessary to add a $4 door charge to pay for the Davis run. That detail didn’t stop Davis who left with Hadlock and stayed the rest of the night at the Workshop, not saying much other than commenting in his raspy voice on drummer Art Taylor. “AT never could keep a beat,” he said.
Another musician who figured prominently in the Jazz Workshop scene was Charlie Mingus. A fierce and often scary showman, Mingus would sometimes crack a bullwhip during his performances. That ferocity was why Hadlock was concerned when, after he had written a not altogether complimentary review for Downbeat on one of Mingus’ albums, two men “without necks” stopped by the Workshop and asked, “Are you Hadlock? Mingus sent us.” That was enough to get Hadlock thinking he should stay arms length from Mingus. Not long after, when Mingus came to town, he was as friendly as he was capable of being and invited Hadlock to come hear multi-talented reed player Roland Kirk.
Mingus’ quirky artistry could also inspire. Sculptor Richard Serra remembers an experience at the Workshop. “I was about 16 or 17 and had a fake ID. I sat down and had a drink. The performance was in the afternoon and there was a fan on. It was really loud and Mingus was going through his set and they were recording, and the bartender turned off the fan. Mingus had an apoplectic fit. He jumped over the bar and practically throttled the guy. ‘That fan was one of my instruments,’ he said. And it made me think, as someone who wanted to be an artist, that you had to pay attention all the time to everything that was going on, because everything was of potential use, if you could see the potential.”
Not all the neighborhood jazz during these years was on Broadway. Green Street, off of upper Grant, was also a hub. The Anxious Asp at 528 Green — now Tatoo Bogaloo — had on its juke box the largest collection of Charlie Parker records west of the Mississippi, as well as the pages of the Kinsey Report posted as restroom wallpaper. Down the street at 576 Green, a drab doorway now marks the entrance to what was once the Cellar, now between Caffeé Sport and Citibank.
Today, as “gentlemen’s clubs” proliferate, dance palaces provide hook-up venues for the young and libidinous, and cops square off with would-be gangbangers on Saturday nights, the neighborhood jazz scene from 40 years ago seems ancient history. Those of us of a certain age, however, recall well enough the cramped and smoke-filled rooms where Brew Moore’s five chorus improvisations on “All the Things Your Are” were never enough.